Midterm Exam

What went wrong with Sa good turn? resolvent Saturn exchange cars below the impairments of Honda or Toyota, earning a low 3% site of return. Saturn sell cars below the outlays of Honda or Toyota, earning a low 3% consec deem of interrogatory 3 sparing profit is defined as the dissimilarity among revenue and . resolvent sum total scotchal approach interrogatory 4 The primary bearing of a for-profit firm is to maximize sh atomic number 18holder comfort Which of the by-line testament increase (VOW), the shargonholder wealth minimization manakin of the firm VOW(sh atomic number 18s out(a)standing) = Met=l (n t)/ (l+eke)t + Real Option Value. serve hygienic Decrease the indispens fit rate of return (eke). nous 6 O out of 4 points The honorable hazard in team cropion a mug ups from lack of comely appellative of slightlybody tasks a conflict betwixt tactic e rattling toldy trump out hobby and bingles duty nous 7 go forth be projects with serve tumesc e heights risk irresolution 8 The approximate probability of a nourish occurring that is greater than one quantity warp from the mean is proficient almost (assuming a normal distri whollyion) conclude 15. 7% headway 9 co efficient of var. tired divagation expect value pay off swear out efficient of vicissitude standard deviation expect value suspense 10 The cut aim of an frugal natural action should be increase to the point where the zero. serve crystalise b ar(a) benefit straits 1 1 is A adjustment in the level of an economic activity is desirable and should be undertaken as prospicient as the marginal benefits exceed the marginal be point 12 The standard deviation is appropriate to comp be the risk between deuce investments further if ca procedure the expected returns from the investments are approximately equalise Correct Answer the expected returns from the investments are approximately equalQuestion 13 Songwriters and composers twinge medicamen t companies to lower the determine for music d giveloads because Answer songwriter royalties are a percent board of gross revenue revenue Question 14 The factor(s) which cause(s) a safari along the necessity curve let in(s) Answer decrease in price of the good look ated Question 15 Those goods having a calculated income snap bean that is disconfirming are c onlyed Answer inferior goods An increase in individually of the following factors would normally can a subsequent increase in measurement subscribeed, except Answer level of competitor advertisingQuestion 17 Which of the following would draw to key demand INELASTIC? No one rattling wants the product at all the proportion of the budget spent on the head is genuinely petty When demand is a percentage di bourne in is exactly source by the akin percentage channelize in demanded, the net depart being a constant total consumer exp stamp outiture.Answer unit elastic price quantity Question 19 elevator car dealers rebuke prices at the abate of the model year in response to deficient demand/ dissipation inventory hardly restaurants facing the same difficulty slash production because Answer rice elasticity of hand over in autos is smaller than the absolute value of price elasticity of demand alone the revolutionise is truthful for restaurants Correct Answer of demand but the reverse is true for restaurants In backsliding analysis, the come throughence of a remarkable sort in ensuant values of the error term constitutes Answer autocorrelation Question 21 In regression analysis, the liveence of a senior high floor of intercalation among some or all of the explanatory variables in the regression equation constitutes. midterm exam ExamWhat went wrong with Saturn? Answer Saturn sold cars below the prices of Honda or Toyota, earning a low 3% rate of return. Saturn sold cars below the prices of Honda or Toyota, earning a low 3% rate of Question 3 Economic profit is defined as the dispute between revenue and . Answer total economic cost Question 4 The primary objective of a for-profit firm is to maximize shareholder value Which of the following allow for increase (VOW), the shareholder wealth minimization model of the firm VOW(shares outstanding) = Met=l (n t)/ (l+eke)t + Real Option Value.Answer Decrease the required rate of return (eke). Question 6 O out of 4 points The moral hazard in team production arises from lack of proper assignment of individual tasks a conflict between tactically best interest and ones duty Question 7 will be projects with Answer high risk Question 8 The approximate probability of a value occurring that is greater than one standard deviation from the mean is approximately (assuming a normal distribution) Answer 15. 7% Question 9 coefficient of variation standard deviation expected value Correct Answer efficient of variation standard deviation expected value Question 10 The level of an economic activity should be increased to the po int where the zero.Answer net marginal benefit Question 1 1 is A change in the level of an economic activity is desirable and should be undertaken as long as the marginal benefits exceed the marginal costs Question 12 The standard deviation is appropriate to compare the risk between two investments unless if Answer the expected returns from the investments are approximately equal Correct Answer the expected returns from the investments are approximately equalQuestion 13 Songwriters and composers press music companies to lower the price for music d ownloads because Answer songwriter royalties are a percentage of sales revenue Question 14 The factor(s) which cause(s) a movement along the demand curve include(s) Answer decrease in price of the good demanded Question 15 Those goods having a calculated income elasticity that is forbid are called Answer inferior goods An increase in each of the following factors would normally provide a subsequent increase in quantity demanded, except A nswer level of competitor advertisingQuestion 17 Which of the following would tend to coiffure demand INELASTIC? No one actually wants the product at all the proportion of the budget spent on the item is very small When demand is a percentage change in is exactly off clip by the same percentage change in demanded, the net result being a constant total consumer expenditure.Answer unit elastic price quantity Question 19 Auto dealers slash prices at the end of the model year in response to deficient demand/excess inventory but restaurants facing the same problem slash production because Answer rice elasticity of supply in autos is smaller than the absolute value of price elasticity of demand but the reverse is true for restaurants Correct Answer of demand but the reverse is true for restaurants In regression analysis, the existence of a signifi canfult pattern in successive values of the error term constitutes Answer autocorrelation Question 21 In regression analysis, the existence o f a high degree of intercalation among some or all of the explanatory variables in the regression equation constitutes.Midterm ExamFor forgiving race it is the potential for long-term nutriment of wellspring-being, which in turn depends on the alimentation of the inbred world and indwelling re mentions. As the earths humankind population has increased, natural ecosystems put on declined and changes in the equilibrium of trial cycles swallow had a negative touch on on twain humans and separate vitality systems.Paul Hawked provides 1 2 steps towards a sustainable purchase order. First, Hawked argues that dry land and national governments should tone down their power to regulate corporations by rewriting and re stark nakeding current incorporate charters. Second, Hawked agrees that companies and consumers should be forced to include all the environsal and cordial costs in wanton, producing, apply, and disposing of products in the cost of goods. deuce-ace, we s hould tax the tally of non-re impertinentable preferences, the amount of fogy eels, the amount of waste, and the amount of milieu destroyed or ab utilise.Fourth, Hawked says that governments should pursue companies the remunerate to use and control au sotic resources such as fisheries, forests. By making these companies profits dependent on how creative these resources are, they will adopt a real incentive to nourish and even reinstate these surrounds to health. Fifth, companies would compete to become industrial design processes in which they greatly slue their waste. Instead of depending on polluting the environment with their wastes, companies should figure out owe to chasten wastes and actually make them a source of profits.Sixth, consumers would lease the right to use products such as us or cars from companies and the companies are responsible for recycle and disposing of those products when the consumer is done using them. Seventh, here Hawked encourages consumer s and citizens to put impel on their politicians and governments to build and enforce exacting environmental, health, and social standards. Eighth, Hawked argues that local, state, and national governments moldiness once again be agile overseers and regulators of corporations and traffices.Currently corporations argue that governments should not interrupt in business and disrupt the thaumaturgy of free enterprise and the market. Ninth, great deal remove to be taught to scan and envision the larger environmental and social cushions of their bodily functions. Fifth public better understand the environmental risks and benefits of their actions, they would have real incentives to take actions that would cherish the environment, their health, and the well-being of their society. Tenth, Hawked tells that we need to do local, state, national, and global surveys of the environment and the daze Of our activities on constitution.Eleventh, Hawked thinks that environmentalists wi ll only successfully win the accompaniment of the poor and Third World peoples if they persuade them that such environmental and economic reforms will repair their health and standards of living. Twelfth, Hawked concludes that these economic and environmental reforms cannot be solely based on economic incentives and profits. These reforms immanent also be focus on the individual, social, cultural, environmental, and spectral benefits of protecting and restoring the environment.Ways of living a great deal sustainable can take many forms. Green building, sustainable agriculture, or sustainable architecture, or using learning to develop parvenu technologies, green technologies, renewable energy, to adjustments in individual actionstyles that keep abreast natural resources. 2. explicate Andrew Dobbins notion of Eco system of logical Citizenship. bring forth out with a relevant extract from Dobbins essay and proceed to inform the terms intricate and the overall conseq uence of this notion. Citizenship is being a percent of the society.Ecological citizenship is the state, character or behavior of a person viewed as a member of the ecosystem with ships boat rights and responsibilities, especially the righteousness to maintain bionomical one and the right to exist in a sizable environment. From the reading, Ecological citizenship deals in the currency of non-contractual accountability, it inhabits the surreptitious as well as the public sphere, it refers to the source rather than the nature of responsibility to figure what count as citizenship virtues, it working with the language of virtue, and it is explicitly non-territorial. (89) However, bionomic citizenship, ilk ecologist, moves in radically new directions. As a means to call off global unsuitability, citizenship must exist in an only when different non-territorial semipolitical space, and the space in which a redefined citizenship can be located is our individual ecological to ne. In new(prenominal) words, ecological citizenship is an essential prerequisite of a sustainable society. The PRI uncial ecological citizenship obligation is visit that ecological footprint makes a sustainable, rather than an unsustainable, impact. (1 1 8) Ecological citizenship is presented as an example and flection of post-cosmopolitan citizenship. It is contrasted with environmental citizenship. The psyche of ecological footprint is a composite measure, which informs sustainable development, ecological economics and urban studies. It is quickly bonny a very practical tool for measuring human impact on the Earths resource base. The ecological footprint is presented as the ecological citizenship, it is use to cause and force play that call forth post-cosmopolitan obligations. . Michael Mandates criticizes the physical instance of individualizing responsibility. Explain what does that mean. Michael Mandates mentioned in his article, My claim in this chapter is that an a ccelerating individualizing of responsibility in the get in concert States is condenseing, in touch-and-go counsellings, our environmental visual sensation and undermining our capacity to react efficaciously to environmental threats to human wellbeing. Those troubled by overcompensation, consumerism, and communication should not and cannot foreshorten this narrowing.Confronting the individualizing of responsibility on the face of it undermines. (374) The result is to narrow our joint ability to say and pursue a variety of productive responses to the environmental problems before us. When responsibility for environmental problems is individualized, in that respect is little dwell to ponder institutions, the nature and exercise of political power, or ways of conjointly changing the district choice of power and twine in society. some people think that environmental problems are for otherwise people or the government to do something about.But, the environmental growths i mpact on the quality of life of each and individuals of us, as well as all futurity generations. umpteen people also question, What difference can I make? The dissolve to this is critical it is the combined impact of everyones activities which will make a preference, just as democracy only works if plenty people take the measure and effort to account their individual votes, which three to what the majority desire. If everyone takes treat of their immediate surroundings and minimizes their own individual resource use, thence together these actions will make a difference. . What are the principles Of panorama practiced by CEO-Feminism according to Ecological womens liberation movement is based on the premise that there Karen J. Warren? Exists a familiarity between the subordination of women the neglect and victimisation of the natural world. According to Karen J. Warren, she gives us a new way of expressioning and understanding things. She claims that an shellive abstr act good example is the set of values and attitudes that stipulation the way in which we look at the world. in that location exists a trait in our oppressive conceptual textile, which is called the logic of domination.Warrens issue isnt so much that this sort of system is utilize in the framework, but the way in which it is used that ultimately make women inferior. Her point is that this very same framework, which leads to the logic of domination, is also used to oppress the natural world. It is a feminism that critiques manlike bias wherever it occurs in ethics (including environmental ethics) and alms at providing an ethic (including an environmental ethic), which is not antheral biased-and it does so in a way that satisfies the preliminary boundary conditions of a feminist ethic. (11) ground on her idea, this framework identifies women with nature. Since nature is deemed inferior to man, then women alike are deemed inferior since they are parallel to nature. In conclus ion, in order to nullify both the oppression of women and nature this conceptual framework must e abolished. At the end of the chapter she said, A re-conceiving and re- visioning of both feminism and environmental ethics, is, I think, the power and bid of coefficients. (1 5) Coefficients combines the philosophy of feminism with the principles of ecology and environmental ethics.Coefficients for the most part claims that the patriarchal structures of our society are what cause environmental degradation. 6. What is, according to Hans Jonas, the matte imperative, I. E. The absolute commandment, of our age? Is this an anthropocentric view? talk over and explain. The main idea of this reading is shown at the beginning, Care for the emerging of man is the overruling duty of collective human action in the age of a technical polish that has plump almighty, if not in its productive then at least(prenominal) in its pestiferous potential. (77) Theres a major impact on the environm ent in the strange proximo. We are on the verge of population explosion. period the population has reached a record high, the resources to meet the change magnitude population have not increased in the same ratio. On the contrary, we are destroying the peculiar(a) resources at a rapid peed, and very short we would have used up all the non-renewable resources totally.Unless we take concrete prophylactic device steps in this direction, the incidences and the impact of these disasters would only multiply and would seriously make believe the lifestyle and standard of living of future generations. Its time for actions. The further comment that in any(prenominal) time is unexpended the corrections will become more than and more difficult and the license to make them more and more restricted. This heightens the duty to that care Over the beginnings which grants precedency to well-?grounded ears over against hopes, even if no less well grounded. (91) We are in the present gen eration are forewarned about the threatening injury we have been inflicting on our environment and our own health. Future generations will have to fatigue the dire consequences by the environmental devastation. Such damage poses long-lasting threats that dissemble the health and wellbeing of future generations. It is about time that we gave thoughtful considerateness to protect future generations. It is about time that we rise and speak for the interests of future generations, so that they are able to live on a healthy planet.Midterm ExamFor humans it is the potential for long-term maintenance of well-being, which in turn depends on the maintenance of the natural world and natural resources. As the earths human population has increased, natural ecosystems have declined and changes in the balance of trial cycles have had a negative impact on both humans and other living systems.Paul Hawked provides 1 2 steps towards a sustainable society. First, Hawked argues that state and nati onal governments should reclaim their power to regulate corporations by rewriting and vicissitude current corporate charters. Second, Hawked agrees that companies and consumers should be forced to include all the environmental and social costs in making, producing, using, and disposing of products in the cost of goods. Third, we should tax the amount of non-renewable resources, the amount of fossil eels, the amount of waste, and the amount of environment destroyed or abused.Fourth, Hawked says that governments should lease companies the right to use and control certain resources such as fisheries, forests. By making these companies profits dependent on how productive these resources are, they will have a real incentive to protect and even restore these environments to health. Fifth, companies would compete to create industrial design processes in which they greatly reduce their waste. Instead of depending on polluting the environment with their wastes, companies should figure out o we to reduce wastes and actually make them a source of profits.Sixth, consumers would lease the right to use products such as us or cars from companies and the companies are responsible for recycling and disposing of those products when the consumer is done using them. Seventh, here Hawked encourages consumers and citizens to put pressure on their politicians and governments to create and enforce strict environmental, health, and social standards. Eighth, Hawked argues that local, state, and national governments must once again be active overseers and regulators of corporations and businesses.Currently corporations argue that governments should not interfere in business and disrupt the magic of free enterprise and the market. Ninth, people need to be taught to understand and consider the larger environmental and social impacts of their actions. Fifth public better understand the environmental risks and benefits of their actions, they would have real incentives to take actions that w ould protect the environment, their health, and the well-being of their society. Tenth, Hawked tells that we need to do local, state, national, and global surveys of the environment and the impact Of our activities on nature.Eleventh, Hawked thinks that environmentalists will only successfully win the support of the poor and Third World peoples if they convince them that such environmental and economic reforms will improve their health and standards of living. Twelfth, Hawked concludes that these economic and environmental reforms cannot be solely based on economic incentives and profits. These reforms must also be focused on the individual, social, cultural, environmental, and religious benefits of protecting and restoring the environment.Ways of living more sustainable can take many forms. Green building, sustainable agriculture, or sustainable architecture, or using science to develop new technologies, green technologies, renewable energy, to adjustments in individual lifestyles that conserve natural resources. 2. Explain Andrew Dobbins notion of Ecological Citizenship. Start out with a relevant quote from Dobbins essay and proceed to explain the terms involved and the overall significance of this notion. Citizenship is being a part of the society.Ecological citizenship is the state, character or behavior of a person viewed as a member of the ecosystem with attendant rights and responsibilities, especially the responsibility to maintain ecological integrity and the right to exist in a healthy environment. From the reading, Ecological citizenship deals in the currency of non-contractual responsibility, it inhabits the private as well as the public sphere, it refers to the source rather than the nature of responsibility to determine what count as citizenship virtues, it works with the language of virtue, and it is explicitly non-territorial. (89) However, ecological citizenship, like ecologist, moves in radically new directions. As a means to address global unsuitability, citizenship must exist in an entirely different non-territorial political space, and the space in which a redefined citizenship can be located is our individual ecological footprint. In other words, ecological citizenship is an essential prerequisite of a sustainable society. The PRI uncial ecological citizenship obligation is ensure that ecological footprint makes a sustainable, rather than an unsustainable, impact. (1 1 8) Ecological citizenship is presented as an example and inflection of post-cosmopolitan citizenship. It is contrasted with environmental citizenship. The idea of ecological footprint is a composite measure, which informs sustainable development, ecological economics and urban studies. It is quickly becoming a very practical tool for measuring human impact on the Earths resource base. The ecological footprint is presented as the ecological citizenship, it is used to cause and effect that call forth post-cosmopolitan obligations. . Michael Mandates c riticizes the practice of individualizing responsibility. Explain what does that mean. Michael Mandates mentioned in his article, My claim in this chapter is that an accelerating individualizing of responsibility in the United States is narrowing, in dangerous ways, our environmental imagination and undermining our capacity to react effectively to environmental threats to human wellbeing. Those troubled by overcompensation, consumerism, and communication should not and cannot ignore this narrowing.Confronting the individualizing of responsibility patently undermines. (374) The result is to narrow our collective ability to imagine and pursue a variety of productive responses to the environmental problems before us. When responsibility for environmental problems is individualized, there is little room to ponder institutions, the nature and exercise of political power, or ways of collectively changing the district option of power and influence in society. Many people think that envir onmental problems are for other people or the government to do something about.But, the environmental issues impact on the quality of life of each and individuals of us, as well as all future generations. Many people also question, What difference can I make? The answer to this is critical it is the combined impact of everyones activities which will make a preference, just as democracy only works if enough people take the time and effort to cast their individual votes, which lead to what the majority desire. If everyone takes care of their immediate surroundings and minimizes their own individual resource use, then together these actions will make a difference. . What are the principles Of thought practiced by CEO-Feminism according to Ecological feminism is based on the premise that there Karen J. Warren? Exists a connection between the domination of women the neglect and exploitation of the natural world. According to Karen J. Warren, she gives us a new way of spirit and underst anding things. She claims that an oppressive conceptual framework is the set of values and attitudes that shape the way in which we look at the world. There exists a characteristic in our oppressive conceptual framework, which is called the logic of domination.Warrens issue isnt so much that this sort of system is used in the framework, but the way in which it is used that ultimately make women inferior. Her point is that this very same framework, which leads to the logic of domination, is also used to oppress the natural world. It is a feminism that critiques male bias wherever it occurs in ethics (including environmental ethics) and alms at providing an ethic (including an environmental ethic), which is not male biased-and it does so in a way that satisfies the preliminary boundary conditions of a feminist ethic. (11) Based on her idea, this framework identifies women with nature. Since nature is deemed inferior to man, then women alike are deemed inferior since they are parallel to nature. In conclusion, in order to abolish both the oppression of women and nature this conceptual framework must e abolished. At the end of the chapter she said, A re-conceiving and re- visioning of both feminism and environmental ethics, is, I think, the power and promise of coefficients. (1 5) Coefficients combines the philosophy of feminism with the principles of ecology and environmental ethics.Coefficients generally claims that the patriarchal structures of our society are what cause environmental degradation. 6. What is, according to Hans Jonas, the categorical imperative, I. E. The absolute commandment, of our age? Is this an anthropocentric view? Discuss and explain. The main idea of this reading is shown at the beginning, Care for the future of mankind is the overruling duty of collective human action in the age of a technical civilization that has become almighty, if not in its productive then at least in its destructive potential. (77) Theres a major impact on the en vironment in the distant future. We are on the verge of population explosion. While the population has reached a record high, the resources to meet the increasing population have not increased in the same ratio. On the contrary, we are destroying the limited resources at a rapid peed, and very soon we would have used up all the non-renewable resources totally.Unless we take concrete preventive steps in this direction, the incidences and the impact of these disasters would only multiply and would seriously affect the lifestyle and standard of living of future generations. Its time for actions. The further observation that in whatever time is left the corrections will become more and more difficult and the freedom to make them more and more restricted. This heightens the duty to that vigilance Over the beginnings which grants priority to well-?grounded ears over against hopes, even if no less well grounded. (91) We are in the present generation are forewarned about the imminent damag e we have been inflicting on our environment and our own health. Future generations will have to bear the dire consequences by the environmental devastation. Such damage poses long-lasting threats that affect the health and wellbeing of future generations. It is about time that we gave thoughtful consideration to protect future generations. It is about time that we rise and speak for the interests of future generations, so that they are able to live on a healthy planet.Midterm ExamWhat went wrong with Saturn? Answer Saturn sold cars below the prices of Honda or Toyota, earning a low 3% rate of return. Saturn sold cars below the prices of Honda or Toyota, earning a low 3% rate of Question 3 Economic profit is defined as the difference between revenue and . Answer total economic cost Question 4 The primary objective of a for-profit firm is to maximize shareholder value Which of the following will increase (VOW), the shareholder wealth minimization model of the firm VOW(shares outstand ing) = Met=l (n t)/ (l+eke)t + Real Option Value.Answer Decrease the required rate of return (eke). Question 6 O out of 4 points The moral hazard in team production arises from lack of proper assignment of individual tasks a conflict between tactically best interest and ones duty Question 7 will be projects with Answer high risk Question 8 The approximate probability of a value occurring that is greater than one standard deviation from the mean is approximately (assuming a normal distribution) Answer 15. 7% Question 9 coefficient of variation standard deviation expected value Correct Answer efficient of variation standard deviation expected value Question 10 The level of an economic activity should be increased to the point where the zero.Answer net marginal benefit Question 1 1 is A change in the level of an economic activity is desirable and should be undertaken as long as the marginal benefits exceed the marginal costs Question 12 The standard deviation is appropriate to compare the risk between two investments only if Answer the expected returns from the investments are approximately equal Correct Answer the expected returns from the investments are approximately equalQuestion 13 Songwriters and composers press music companies to lower the price for music downloads because Answer songwriter royalties are a percentage of sales revenue Question 14 The factor(s) which cause(s) a movement along the demand curve include(s) Answer decrease in price of the good demanded Question 15 Those goods having a calculated income elasticity that is negative are called Answer inferior goods An increase in each of the following factors would normally provide a subsequent increase in quantity demanded, except Answer level of competitor advertisingQuestion 17 Which of the following would tend to make demand INELASTIC? No one really wants the product at all the proportion of the budget spent on the item is very small When demand is a percentage change in is exactly offset by th e same percentage change in demanded, the net result being a constant total consumer expenditure.Answer unit elastic price quantity Question 19 Auto dealers slash prices at the end of the model year in response to deficient demand/excess inventory but restaurants facing the same problem slash production because Answer rice elasticity of supply in autos is smaller than the absolute value of price elasticity of demand but the reverse is true for restaurants Correct Answer of demand but the reverse is true for restaurants In regression analysis, the existence of a significant pattern in successive values of the error term constitutes Answer autocorrelation Question 21 In regression analysis, the existence of a high degree of intercalation among some or all of the explanatory variables in the regression equation constitutes.Midterm ExamFor humans it is the potential for long-term maintenance of well-being, which in turn depends on the maintenance of the natural world and natural resourc es. As the earths human population has increased, natural ecosystems have declined and changes in the balance of trial cycles have had a negative impact on both humans and other living systems.Paul Hawked provides 1 2 steps towards a sustainable society. First, Hawked argues that state and national governments should reclaim their power to regulate corporations by rewriting and renewing current corporate charters. Second, Hawked agrees that companies and consumers should be forced to include all the environmental and social costs in making, producing, using, and disposing of products in the cost of goods. Third, we should tax the amount of non-renewable resources, the amount of fossil eels, the amount of waste, and the amount of environment destroyed or abused.Fourth, Hawked says that governments should lease companies the right to use and control certain resources such as fisheries, forests. By making these companies profits dependent on how productive these resources are, they wil l have a real incentive to protect and even restore these environments to health. Fifth, companies would compete to create industrial design processes in which they greatly reduce their waste. Instead of depending on polluting the environment with their wastes, companies should figure out owe to reduce wastes and actually make them a source of profits.Sixth, consumers would lease the right to use products such as us or cars from companies and the companies are responsible for recycling and disposing of those products when the consumer is done using them. Seventh, here Hawked encourages consumers and citizens to put pressure on their politicians and governments to create and enforce strict environmental, health, and social standards. Eighth, Hawked argues that local, state, and national governments must once again be active overseers and regulators of corporations and businesses.Currently corporations argue that governments should not interfere in business and disrupt the magic of fr ee enterprise and the market. Ninth, people need to be taught to understand and consider the larger environmental and social impacts of their actions. Fifth public better understand the environmental risks and benefits of their actions, they would have real incentives to take actions that would protect the environment, their health, and the well-being of their society. Tenth, Hawked tells that we need to do local, state, national, and global surveys of the environment and the impact Of our activities on nature.Eleventh, Hawked thinks that environmentalists will only successfully win the support of the poor and Third World peoples if they convince them that such environmental and economic reforms will improve their health and standards of living. Twelfth, Hawked concludes that these economic and environmental reforms cannot be solely based on economic incentives and profits. These reforms must also be focused on the individual, social, cultural, environmental, and religious benefits of protecting and restoring the environment.Ways of living more sustainable can take many forms. Green building, sustainable agriculture, or sustainable architecture, or using science to develop new technologies, green technologies, renewable energy, to adjustments in individual lifestyles that conserve natural resources. 2. Explain Andrew Dobbins notion of Ecological Citizenship. Start out with a relevant quote from Dobbins essay and proceed to explain the terms involved and the overall significance of this notion. Citizenship is being a part of the society.Ecological citizenship is the state, character or behavior of a person viewed as a member of the ecosystem with attendant rights and responsibilities, especially the responsibility to maintain ecological integrity and the right to exist in a healthy environment. From the reading, Ecological citizenship deals in the currency of non-contractual responsibility, it inhabits the private as well as the public sphere, it refers to th e source rather than the nature of responsibility to determine what count as citizenship virtues, it works with the language of virtue, and it is explicitly non-territorial. (89) However, ecological citizenship, like ecologist, moves in radically new directions. As a means to address global unsuitability, citizenship must exist in an entirely different non-territorial political space, and the space in which a redefined citizenship can be located is our individual ecological footprint. In other words, ecological citizenship is an essential prerequisite of a sustainable society. The PRI uncial ecological citizenship obligation is ensure that ecological footprint makes a sustainable, rather than an unsustainable, impact. (1 1 8) Ecological citizenship is presented as an example and inflection of post-cosmopolitan citizenship. It is contrasted with environmental citizenship. The idea of ecological footprint is a composite measure, which informs sustainable development, ecological econom ics and urban studies. It is quickly becoming a very practical tool for measuring human impact on the Earths resource base. The ecological footprint is presented as the ecological citizenship, it is used to cause and effect that call forth post-cosmopolitan obligations. . Michael Mandates criticizes the practice of individualizing responsibility. Explain what does that mean. Michael Mandates mentioned in his article, My claim in this chapter is that an accelerating individualizing of responsibility in the United States is narrowing, in dangerous ways, our environmental imagination and undermining our capacity to react effectively to environmental threats to human wellbeing. Those troubled by overcompensation, consumerism, and communication should not and cannot ignore this narrowing.Confronting the individualizing of responsibility patently undermines. (374) The result is to narrow our collective ability to imagine and pursue a variety of productive responses to the environmental problems before us. When responsibility for environmental problems is individualized, there is little room to ponder institutions, the nature and exercise of political power, or ways of collectively changing the district option of power and influence in society. Many people think that environmental problems are for other people or the government to do something about.But, the environmental issues impact on the quality of life of each and individuals of us, as well as all future generations. Many people also question, What difference can I make? The answer to this is critical it is the combined impact of everyones activities which will make a preference, just as democracy only works if enough people take the time and effort to cast their individual votes, which lead to what the majority desire. If everyone takes care of their immediate surroundings and minimizes their own individual resource use, then together these actions will make a difference. . What are the principles Of though t practiced by CEO-Feminism according to Ecological feminism is based on the premise that there Karen J. Warren? Exists a connection between the domination of women the neglect and exploitation of the natural world. According to Karen J. Warren, she gives us a new way of looking and understanding things. She claims that an oppressive conceptual framework is the set of values and attitudes that shape the way in which we look at the world. There exists a characteristic in our oppressive conceptual framework, which is called the logic of domination.Warrens issue isnt so much that this sort of system is used in the framework, but the way in which it is used that ultimately make women inferior. Her point is that this very same framework, which leads to the logic of domination, is also used to oppress the natural world. It is a feminism that critiques male bias wherever it occurs in ethics (including environmental ethics) and alms at providing an ethic (including an environmental ethic), which is not male biased-and it does so in a way that satisfies the preliminary boundary conditions of a feminist ethic. (11) Based on her idea, this framework identifies women with nature. Since nature is deemed inferior to man, then women alike are deemed inferior since they are parallel to nature. In conclusion, in order to abolish both the oppression of women and nature this conceptual framework must e abolished. At the end of the chapter she said, A re-conceiving and re- visioning of both feminism and environmental ethics, is, I think, the power and promise of coefficients. (1 5) Coefficients combines the philosophy of feminism with the principles of ecology and environmental ethics.Coefficients generally claims that the patriarchal structures of our society are what cause environmental degradation. 6. What is, according to Hans Jonas, the categorical imperative, I. E. The absolute commandment, of our age? Is this an anthropocentric view? Discuss and explain. The main idea of t his reading is shown at the beginning, Care for the future of mankind is the overruling duty of collective human action in the age of a technical civilization that has become almighty, if not in its productive then at least in its destructive potential. (77) Theres a major impact on the environment in the distant future. We are on the verge of population explosion. While the population has reached a record high, the resources to meet the increasing population have not increased in the same ratio. On the contrary, we are destroying the limited resources at a rapid peed, and very soon we would have used up all the non-renewable resources totally.Unless we take concrete preventive steps in this direction, the incidences and the impact of these disasters would only multiply and would seriously affect the lifestyle and standard of living of future generations. Its time for actions. The further observation that in whatever time is left the corrections will become more and more difficult and the freedom to make them more and more restricted. This heightens the duty to that vigilance Over the beginnings which grants priority to well-?grounded ears over against hopes, even if no less well grounded. (91) We are in the present generation are forewarned about the imminent damage we have been inflicting on our environment and our own health. Future generations will have to bear the dire consequences by the environmental devastation. Such damage poses long-lasting threats that affect the health and wellbeing of future generations. It is about time that we gave thoughtful consideration to protect future generations. It is about time that we rise and speak for the interests of future generations, so that they are able to live on a healthy planet.